Kinetic Behaviour of Nanoparticles Across the Biological Physiology

Nanotoxicokinetics is a subsection of the toxicology field that involves the study of kinetic displacement of nanoparticles (NPs) in an organism. Four different steps, namely absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME), are involved in nanotoxicokinetics. However, only ADE will be covert in this mini review. Because of their size, NPs react differently than particulate matter larger than the nanometre unit in diameter. In the organism, a closer interaction between NPs and biological matrices, called nanotoxicodynamics, might increase the health effects. (Animals are usually in studies to evaluate the global interaction of NPs and biological matrices and to control and reduce the bias.) Understanding the different steps of kinetics is very important to increase the confidence of the amount of NP delivery in the target organ and to assess the level of risk. The objective of this work was to review the behaviour of the NPs interacting with the biological kinetic steps of the ADME and their limitations and constraints. Specifically, it was reviewed the impact of each of the four steps of nanotoxicokinetics, from exposure to elimination in the organism. Recent publications have provided some information on this issue, allowing for a better understanding on how the NPs behave across physiology; however, information is still lacking. We also systematically reviewed the ADME process, and supported our review with examples from the literature. We reviewed the two major factors that influence the absorption of NPs: enumerated biotransformation and elimination limitations. One of the focuses of this study was the interaction between NPs and biological matrices because the morphology and chemical properties may drive the potential for exposure. This paper present different examples of interactions find from literature. To study these interactions, we used a classical pharmacokinetic approach employed in the pharmaceutical industry and compared it to a dynamic predictive tool called the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. This review would allow us to better interpret the behaviour of NPs. This review would also provide a better insight about the intake, site, and the disposition of NPs and would help identify the major consequences of the interaction of NPs with biological matrices. These interactions might have reversible or irreversible consequences for the integrity of the organism. Nanosafe2010: International Conference on Safe Production and Use of Nanomaterials IOP Publishing Journal of Physics: Conference Series 304 (2011) 012089 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012089 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1